Current Courses
Spatial Analysis of Food Security
Instructor: Sari Blakeley
Columbia Climate School, Spring 20226, G5044 section 001
This course will teach students how to collect and analyze spatial data related to food security, as well as touch on important topics in food insecurity. The course will focus on taking real-life food security questions and applying spatial analysis techniques to these questions. In the course, we will cover an introduction to spatial analysis, natural experiments in geography, applying remote sensing to food insecurity, climate shocks and food security, and seasonal forecasting and food security.
Universal Food Security
Instructor: Glenn Denning
School of International and Public Affairs, Spring 2026, IA7400 section 001
This course addresses the challenges and opportunities for achieving a productive, profitable, inclusive, healthy, sustainable, resilient, and ethical global food system. Our first class will provide a brief historical perspective of the global food system, highlighting relevant developments over the past 10,000 years and will explain key concepts, critical challenges, and opportunities ahead.
Methods for Food Systems Analysis
Instructor: Sari Blakeley
Columbia Climate School, Fall 2026
This course is designed to empower students with the critical approaches and methods to tackling essential challenges within the food system. It aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the applied quantitative and qualitative methods and tools needed to analyze and solve complex challenges at the intersection of food systems and climate.
Global Food Trade, Shocks, and Migration
Instructor: Michael Puma
Columbia Climate School, Fall 2026
This course integrates theories from economics, political science, and environmental science to examine the complex interplay among global trade, food security, and climate shocks. Students will develop a multidimensional understanding of global challenges and the ability to develop practical and effective solutions.
Past Courses
Food Equity, Ethics, and Politics
Climate School G5036 (CLMT5036) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Jess Fanzo
Ensuring food security for the growing global population is a grand challenge with many competing, contentious issues. Conflicts regarding land, technology, natural resources, subsidies, inequity, migration, and trade all play out in the food policy arena. Some argue that to effectively address food security, global food systems must be efficient, equitable, and sustainable. However, the political framing of how food systems are designed, function, and governed is determined by a complex set of networks of individuals and institutions with vested interests. This course is designed to introduce and guide students to:
Investigate the equity and ethical issues of food systems in policy and practice.
Think critically about various conflicting views of who is vulnerable, marginalized, and disadvantaged across food systems, why, and the consequences of those inequities.
Explore where there are inequities in accessing food and the implications of policies in achieving food security.
Examine the range of food policies and the political landscape of food in high-, middle-, and low-income countries that impact global food security, human nutrition, and broader aspects of health, food safety, economics, and the environment and climate.
Deliberate and debate who is responsible for ensuring food systems are equitable and through which policy instruments.
The course borrows tools from food systems, political science, practical ethics, political philosophy, and theories of justice to illuminate these issues that determine our common future and the way we personally and socially relate to the food we grow and eat.
Food Systems & Climate Interactions
Climate School G5025 (CLMT5025) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Jess Fanzo & Ruth DeFries
This graduate-level course provides an overview of current and future anthropogenic climate change impacts on food systems and vice versa. The first half of the course will explore the relationship between climate change impacts across food systems and how we grow, transport, process, and consume food impact climate and environmental change. The second half of the course will explore mitigation and adaptation measures across food systems. Throughout the course, we will undertake deep-dive case studies to provide local context to this complex relationship between climate change and food.
Universal Food Security
Public Affairs U6411 (PUAFU6411) - 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Glenn Denning
This course addresses the challenges and opportunities for achieving a productive, profitable, inclusive, healthy, sustainable, resilient, and ethical global food system. Our first class will provide a brief historical perspective of the global food system, highlighting relevant developments over the past 10,000 years and will explain key concepts, critical challenges, and opportunities ahead. For the ensuing few weeks, we will cover the core biophysical requirements for food production: soil and land, water and climate, and genetic resources. We include an introduction to human nutrition – Nutrition Week – that focuses on dietary change and food-based solutions to malnutrition. Building on this, the course will survey a selection of important food systems and trends across Asia, Africa, and Latin America that provide food security and livelihoods for more than half of the world’s population. Case studies and classroom debates throughout the course will explore the roles of science, technology, policies, politics, institutions, business, finance, aid, trade, and human behavior in advancing sustainable agriculture, and achieving food and nutritional security. We will probe the interactions of food systems with global issues including poverty and inequality, the persistence of chronic hunger and malnutrition, climate change, environmental degradation, international food business and value chains, biotechnology (GMOs), post-harvest losses, and food waste. With a sharp eye for credible evidence, we will confront controversies, reflect on historical trends, identify common myths, and surface little-known but important truths about agriculture and food systems. In our final sessions, we address the ultimate question: can we feed and nourish the world without wrecking it for future generations?
Food Security, Plant Biology, Climate Change, and Public Health
Environmental Health Sciences P8303 (EHSCP8303) - 3 credits (Spring 2023)
Lewis Ziska
As human populations continue to expand, concurrent increases in energy and food will be required. Consequently, fossil fuel burning and deforestation will continue to be human-derived sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The current annual rate of CO2 increase (~0.5%) is expected to continue with global atmospheric concentrations exceeding 600 parts per million (ppm) by the end of the current century. The increase in carbon dioxide, in turn, has ramifications for both climate change but also for plant biology. In this course, our focus will be on how CO2 and climate change alter plant biology and the subsequent consequences for human health. Overall, the course will have three main components. We begin with an overview of interactions between the plant kingdom and human health, from food supply and nutrition to toxicology, contact dermatitis, aero-biology, inter alia. In the second section, we segue to an overview of rising CO2 and climate change, and how those impacts in turn, will influence all of the interactions related to plant biology and health with a merited focus on food security. Finally, for the remainder of the course, our emphasis will be on evaluating preventative strategies related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change impacts specific to potential transformations of plant biology’s traditional role in human society. The course is appropriate for students who are interested in global climate change and who wish to expand their general knowledge as to likely outcomes related to plant biology, from food security to nutrition, from pollen allergens to ethnopharmacology.
Agroecology - A Natural Climate Solution
Sustainability Science PS5360 (Spring 2025)
Yushu Xia
Natural climate solutions (NCS) refer to actions aimed at protecting, better managing, and restoring nature to achieve climate goals. Adopting sustainable, climate-smart agricultural practices following agroecology principles provides a cost-effective NCS pathway to mitigate climate change, while also ensuring food security and environmental sustainability. This course will introduce the principles of agroecology, the key concepts of carbon and nitrogen dynamics, as well as the commonly adopted agroecological practices across various agricultural landscapes, including croplands, grasslands, and agroforestry systems. A combination of lectures, discussions, and field activities will be utilized to demonstrate how agroecological practices can be monitored in terms of their influence on ecosystem services.
This course will prepare students to apply principles of sustainability science to improved soil and agricultural management, addressing the growing need for better adoption of land based NCS. This course will also delve into the technological aspects of NCS monitoring that will help working professionals in conservation, environmental, and sustainable business organizations develop the necessary skills to evaluate the outcomes of sustainable land management practices to inform management decisions, policy making, and incentive-based programs. This elective course aims to connect scientific methods with decision-making processes to prepare students to be leaders in sustainability and make impacts on both local and large-scale climate issues.
Food Entrepreneurship (Full-Term)
Management B8582 (MGMT8582) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Stephen Zagor
Food Entrepreneurship covers the basic knowledge necessary to develop a food product, restaurant/food retail businesses, and other miscellaneous food related endeavors from the initial idea through early growth. This course is focused on stage one small business success. We supplement in class learning with notable guests from all areas of the food world. The course is divided into five sections. Section 1 lays the foundation by outlining the challenges of opening and maintaining financial and personal success; and, a discussion of current food trends. We also focus on the the creative process to develop and test ideas and to define and attract the market. Section 2 is an in depth discussion on the restaurant and retail food businesses. This section approach is from new business start perspective. We begin by defining challenges of concept development, branding and operations. Then we discuss financial information and reporting that are unique to these types of food businesses. We instill a general understanding of profit or loss and strategy including industry financial benchmarks. It also covers analytical tools used to ensure success. Section 3 discusses issues of starting a food product business, covering product development, packaging, testing, and an understanding the logistics involved in sourcing ingredients, manufacturing, sales and service. Section 4 covers other food related business both on-line and location based. We discuss relationship based sensory marketing/gastrophysics. Section 5 We summarize labor issues, government regulations and laws current and future. We discuss the development of a second phase expansion strategy. In this section we create a pocket business plan.
Food Systems and the Health of the Public
Public Health P6083 (PUBH6083) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Anne Paxton
The course will provide an overview of the science, policy, politics, and economics of food systems as a critical element of public health. The course will have a primary focus on the food system in the United States, but will include a global perspective. Students will learn and apply the fundamentals of public health scientific research methods and theoretical approaches to assessing the food landscape though a public health lens. In addition, the course will cover how diet – at first glance a matter of individual choice – is determined by an interconnected system of socio-economic-environmental influences, and is influenced by a multitude of stakeholders engaged in policymaking processes.
Food Security, Plant Biology, Climate Change
Environmental Health Sciences P8303 (EHSC8303) - 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Lewis Ziska
As human populations continue to expand, concurrent increases in energy and food will be required. Consequently, fossil fuel burning and deforestation will continue to be human-derived sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The current annual rate of CO2 increase (~0.5%) is expected to continue with global atmospheric concentrations exceeding 600 parts per million (ppm) by the end of the current century. The increase in carbon dioxide, in turn, has ramifications for both climate change but also for plant biology. In this course, our focus will be on how CO2 and climate change alter plant biology and the subsequent consequences for human health.
Overall, the course will have three main components. We begin with an overview of interactions between the plant kingdom and human health, from food supply and nutrition to toxicology, contact dermatitis, aero-biology, inter alia. In the second section, we segue to an overview of rising CO2 and climate change, and how those impacts in turn, will influence all of the interactions related to plant biology and health with a merited focus on food security. Finally, for the remainder of the course, our emphasis will be on evaluating preventative strategies related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change impacts specific to potential transformations of plant biology’s traditional role in human society.
The course is appropriate for students who are interested in global climate change and who wish to expand their general knowledge as to likely outcomes related to plant biology, from food security to nutrition, from pollen allergens to ethnopharmacology.
Agroecology – A Natural Climate Solution
Sustainability Science PS5360 (SUSC5360) - 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Yushu Xia
Natural climate solutions (NCS) refer to actions aimed at protecting, better managing, and restoring nature to achieve climate goals. Adopting sustainable, climate-smart agricultural practices following agroecology principles provides a cost-effective NCS pathway to mitigate climate change, while also ensuring food security and environmental sustainability. This course will introduce the principles of agroecology, the key concepts of carbon and nitrogen dynamics, as well as the commonly adopted agroecological practices across various agricultural landscapes, including croplands, grasslands, and agroforestry systems. A combination of lectures, discussions, and field activities will be utilized to demonstrate how agroecological practices can be monitored in terms of their influence on ecosystem services.
This course will prepare students to apply principles of sustainability science to improved soil and agricultural management, addressing the growing need for better adoption of land based NCS. This course will also delve into the technological aspects of NCS monitoring that will help working professionals in conservation, environmental, and sustainable business organizations develop the necessary skills to evaluate the outcomes of sustainable land management practices to inform management decisions, policy making, and incentive-based programs. This elective course aims to connect scientific methods with decision-making processes to prepare students to be leaders in sustainability and make impacts on both local and large-scale climate issues.
Biodiversity, Climate Change and Sustainability
Sustainability Management PS4238 (SUMA4238) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Ralph C Schmidt
Biodiversity, a term popularized in the 1980s, refers to the variety of life at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It is crucial for sustainability, as it supports ecosystems that underpin human life, economic activities, and ecological stability. The loss of biodiversity threatens essential ecosystem services like clean air, water filtration, climate regulation, and food security. This course explores how climate change, both current and projected, impacts biodiversity and how natural ecosystems influence greenhouse gas concentrations. Human survival depends on these ecosystems, yet there is uncertainty about how much biodiversity loss can be tolerated. Climate change now poses as serious a threat to biodiversity as direct development activities. Understanding the science behind these threats is essential for sustainability students, and this course aims to provide that knowledge.
Simultaneously, tropical deforestation across the globe produces CO2 emissions equal to the total current emissions of the United States. Forest fires in Canada have produced emissions equal to the total fossil fuel based emissions of that country. Thawing of permafrost in the arctic north is one of the positive feedback loops, warming leading to more warming that has catastrophic potential. In studying biodiversity, we will examine ecosystems and species such as muskoxen, whales, penguins, primates, tree frogs, and monarch butterflies. We will also explore human practices like agriculture, forest management, hunting, and fishing, which affect both carbon and biodiversity and rely on climate stability. Students will learn how climate and natural ecosystems interact, a crucial first step toward actions needed to sustain life on Earth. While some readings may be challenging for those without an ecology background, support will be available. Students with prior ecology knowledge should find the course particularly informative.
Biodiversity and the Climate Crisis
Sustainable Development GU4660 (SDEV4660) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Jenna M Lawrence
S FOOD LAW & POLICY
Law L8795 (LAW_8795) – 2 credits (Spring 2025)
Basic and Applied Nutritional Science
Environmental Health Sciences P8311 (EHSC8311) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Mary V Gamble
Whether you realize it or not, policies over which you have little or no control dictate the nutritional content of the foods you consume. Are these policy decisions well informed by solid scientific evidence? In developing countries where such policies do not exist there is a disproportionately higher prevalence of malnutrition – is there sufficient scientific evidence to warrant implementation of new policies abroad? The overarching goal of this course is to provide a framework for students to become proficient in translational aspects of nutritional science, using a case-studies approach to allow for a very broad, but also in-depth, comprehensive evaluation of a select number of major nutritional issues that are currently being heatedly debated on both local and global scales. The primary focus of the course is on engaging students in the critical appraisal of the continuum between basic research, applied research, and programs and policy decisions related to nutrition. The “cases” in our case-studies approach will use as paradigms a set of emerging international issues related to nutrition and health.
The course is appropriate for students who are interested in expanding their general knowledge base in nutritional sciences and who wish to improve their proficiency in skills necessary to become effective, well-informed consultants for program leaders and policy makers on nutrition-related topics, with broader applications in public health.
Feast/Famine: Food Environment China
History BC3864 (HIST3864) – 4 credits (Spring 2025)
Dorothy Ko
Food has always been a central concern in Chinese politics, religion, medicine, and culture. This course takes an ecological approach to the provision, preparation, and consumption of food in Chinese history, from the Neolithic times to the post-socialist era today. In examining Chinese approaches to soil fertility, healthy diet, and culinary pleasures, we explore alternative food systems for a more sustainable future.
Sustainable Development and Global Environment
Environmental Health Sciences P6340 (EHS6340) - 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Yasmin von Schirnding
This course is intended to give students a broad overview and introduction to global environmental health issues in relation to sustainable development. Environmental health and sustainability issues of concern worldwide are highlighted, and global trends in health status and environmental quality discussed in relation to driving forces and pressures on the environment which lead to adverse health consequences. The historical roots and changing nature and scope of environmental health is discussed in relation to global environmental change, sustainability and the evolving global agenda on sustainable development. Concepts and interpretations of environmental health, sustainability and sustainable development are examined and critiqued, and their various dimensions, underlying principles and values assessed.
The concept of ecosystem health and planetary health is introduced and the implications for health and well-being of the deterioration of ecosystems and ecosystem services is examined. The overloading of ecosystems, evidenced by such factors as climate change, biodiversity loss, land degradation and related factors are highlighted. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the multiplicity of sources and pathways and complexity of linkages between health, the environment and development sectors are presented and compared, and methodological challenges in assessing such linkages focused on. The relationship between sectors like agriculture, energy, housing and urban settlements - with sustainability and environmental health is examined through case studies.
The policy and planning process for addressing environmental health and sustainable development concerns at various tiers of government is examined, with a focus on the concept of intersectorality. The underlying principles of intersectoral action and its application to addressing complex, multifaceted problems, whose determinants lie outside of the health sector, is discussed. Issues such as environmental justice and equity, and the role of partnerships and stakeholders in the different phases of the policy and planning cycle is highlighted. Tools for policy and decision- makers in environmental health and sustainable development such as indicators and health impact assessment methodologies are emphasized. Finally, the different disciplines, professionals and players associated with environmental health and sustainable development, and the implications of the expanding and changing nature of environmental health is discussed in relation to the o
Analysis of Environmental Health Data
Environmental Health Sciences P6360 (EHSC6360) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Anne E Nigra
Working with data is a fundamental skill for all EHS MPH graduates, irrespective of their area of concentration. Data is the foundation of all research and becoming comfortable describing, analyzing, interpreting, summarizing and presenting is critical for the success of all environmental health scientists. This course will teach students how to work with data at a fundamental level. We will use a large, publicly available dataset (e.g., New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC NHANES)) data to illustrate analytic techniques and approaches. This course is required for all students in the EHS MPH department, regardless of certificate selection and should be taken prior to certificate based required courses.
Introduction to Human Nutrition
Nursing N4104 (NURS4104) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Lora Sporny
This undergraduate-level introductory course provides an overview of the science of nutrition and nutrition's relationship to health promotion and disease prevention. The primary focus is on the essential macronutrients and micronutrients, including their chemical structures, food sources, digestion and absorption, metabolism, storage, and excretion. Students develop the skills to evaluate dietary patterns and to estimate caloric requirements and nutrient needs using tools such as Dietary Guidelines for Americans, My Plate, Nutrition Facts Labels, and Dietary Reference Intakes.
INTEGRATIVE NUTRITION & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Nutrition M8207 (NUTR8207) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Moneek Madra; Tirissa J Reid
Prerequisite: registration as a nutrition degree candidate or instructors permission. Discussion of pathology, symptomatology, and clinical manifestations with case presentations when possible. Laboratory assessments of each condition. Principles of nutritional intervention for therapy and prevention.
Nutritional Epidemiology
Epidemiology P8403 (EPID8403) – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Sandra S Albrecht
The purpose of this course is for students to understand the methods involved in determining the role of nutrition in the etiology of various disease states. Examples in the literature will be used to illustrate various aspects of nutritional epidemiology including assessment of dietary intake, biochemical markers of nutritional intake, body composition and issues in analysis of nutritional data in epidemiological studies.
ESSENTIALS OF NUTR COUNSELING
Nutrition M6240 (NUTR6240) - 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Aviva H Sopher; Brooke A Aggarwal
Nutritional Ecology
HBSV 4013 001 – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Pamela Koch
A course for non-majors and majors. This course tries to answer the question, “Is our current food system ecologically sustainable?” Nutrition and food are viewed from a global, ecological perspective. Topics include limits to growth, food and population problems, food product development and promotion, energy and food relationships, food safety, organic agriculture, biotechnology, and other topics.
Closed to Non-nutrition students. Students from outside of the Program in Nutrition who are interested in taking Nutritional Ecology, please email Pam Koch, [email protected].
Community Nutrition
HBSV 4014 001 – 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Jen Cadenhead
This course examines and evaluates food assistance and safety net programs in the United States and explores the policies, history, and context that lead to unequal access to healthy food. The course includes broad thought-provoking readings as well as working "on the ground": assessing supermarkets and opportunities for safe walking and biking; volunteering at a food pantry; and visiting an urban agriculture site. This course also explores international food assistance programs. Students outside the Program in Nutrition are welcome, with permission from the instructor.
Restricted to Nutrition majors. Prerequisite: HBSV 4013.
Analysis of Current Literature and Research in Nutrition
HBSV 5014 001 – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
Randi Wolf
Critical examination and evaluation of current controversies and issues in nutrition and food. Topics are reviewed and discussed in depth. Students obtain training in the art of understanding commonly seen study designs, statistical methods, and graphics in the scientific literature to determine whether there is evidence to support (or lack thereof) for making statements about nutrition. Students also learn how to synthesize this information for use by the public. The course highlights areas to consider when analyzing research related to popular diets and dietary patterns, supplements, weight loss drugs, nutritional genomics, and microbiome research.
Restricted to Nutrition majors.
Global Foods Practicum
HBSV 5350 001 – 1 credit (Spring 2025)
Jennifer Hildner
In Global Foods Practicum students will examine the values, practices, and beliefs of different cultures, as well as their own, with regard to food. They will also explore the ways in which dietitians can better understand the cultures and food preferences/habits of their patients. Through experiences inside and outside of class, students will gain skills to effectively work with patients from different backgrounds.
Closed to non-Nutrition students. Students from outside the Program in Nutrition who are interested in taking Global Foods Practicum, please email Jennifer Hildner, [email protected].
Community Nutrition Education Practicum
HBSV 5351 001 – 1 credit (Spring 2025)
Jennifer Hildner
In Community Nutrition Education Practicum, students examine programs aimed at addressing food insecurity and creating a more healthful, just, sustainable food system, both nationally and internationally and in clinical and community settings. Students will discuss inequities with regard to access to healthy foods and evaluate resources created to help reduce such disparities. Students will explore how to strengthen communities and bring about change on local, national, and international levels through their coursework and experiences within different communities.
Restricted to Nutrition Majors. Students from outside of the Program in Nutrition who are interested in taking the course , please email Jennifer Hildner, [email protected]
Advanced Nutrition 2
HBSV 5011 001 – 3 credits (Spring 2025)
John Pinto
In-depth review of current knowledge and research on the biochemical and physiological aspects of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients; applications to diet.
Nutrition Counseling
HBSV 5036 001 – 2 credits (Spring 2025)
Jill Gulotta
This course focuses on providing students with an understanding of client-centered counseling models and practicing a variety of essential skills: nonverbal, active listening, goal assessment, motivational interviewing, and group counseling.
Closed to non-Nutrition students. Students from outside of the Program in Nutrition who are interested in taking Nutrition Counseling, please email Jill Gulotta, [email protected]
Extended Fieldwork in Nutrition and Public Health
HBSV 5231 001 – 2-4 credits (Spring 2025)
Lora Sporny
A block of supervised field experience required of those pursuing an MS in nutrition and public health. Fieldwork is taken near the completion of coursework. This course requires a minimum of 27 hours per week of out-of-classroom work.
Special permission only.
Extended fieldwork in nutrition and education
HBSV 5232 001 – 2-4 credits (Spring 2025)
Lora Sporny
A block of supervised field experience required of all degrees. Fieldwork is taken near completion of coursework.
Special permission required.
Food in Modern East Central Europe
History GU4298 (HIST4298) – 4 credits (Fall 2024)
Gabor Egry
Food is life – says a banal truism. It is the foundation of biological existence, and producing, creating and savoring food pervades life from the cradle to the last breath. It is everywhere from the campfire to picture galleries and philosophy books. It is material and symbolic, emotional and calculated. It is a glue and a dividing line between people.
Food is history. Both as a prominent or an almost invisible thread running through life, food is more than itself, a lens on how society changed through history. This course uses food as a social phenomenon to highlight differences and commonalities of the region called East Central Europe without and within. It reflects upon the numerous faces of food, how its changes, its use, creation, consumption, and study mirrors broader historical developments and how it serves as focus of attachments known from contemporary politics: national, local, regional. Following food in East Central European history offers not only an analysis of food and its function within society, but how food has changed with society too.
Throughout the course we shall explore the different – material, cultural, political, class – meanings of food, while introducing perspectives from different academic disciplines like social and political history, sociology, nationalism studies, anthropology. We start from the material, and through the concepts of food culture and food ways we shall connect the symbolic and practical aspects of food. After exploring how technology and science changed food and how it is related to modernity, we shall delve into the cultural and political: how does food reflect and represent various differences, how it is used to symbolize the immaterial. Finally, as East Central European food history is anything but peculiar, we will use food to think about the possible meanings of this geographic concept.
The Food Justice Movement
Health Policy and Management P8589 (HPMN8589) – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Mark Bittman
This course will explore the complex and evolving relationship between food, public health and social justice. It will provide a context to understand the historical, behavioral, cultural and environmental impacts on access to food, and its integration with population health and the health system. Students will make connections between the food system, public health, and the development and implementation of health policy. Students will translate course material into a practical exercise by designing and implementing a community food and public health project. Food intersects with public health on many more issues than most people imagine.
Food Entrepreneurship (Full-Term)
Management B8582 (MGMT8582) – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Stephen Zagor
Food Entrepreneurship covers the basic knowledge necessary to develop a food product, restaurant/food retail businesses, and other miscellaneous food related endeavors from the initial idea through early growth. This course is focused on stage one small business success. We supplement in class learning with notable guests from all areas of the food world. The course is divided into five sections. Section 1 lays the foundation by outlining the challenges of opening and maintaining financial and personal success; and, a discussion of current food trends. We also focus on the the creative process to develop and test ideas and to define and attract the market. Section 2 is an in depth discussion on the restaurant and retail food businesses. This section approach is from new business start perspective. We begin by defining challenges of concept development, branding and operations. Then we discuss financial information and reporting that are unique to these types of food businesses. We instill a general understanding of profit or loss and strategy including industry financial benchmarks. It also covers analytical tools used to ensure success. Section 3 discusses issues of starting a food product business, covering product development, packaging, testing, and an understanding the logistics involved in sourcing ingredients, manufacturing, sales and service. Section 4 covers other food related business both on-line and location based. We discuss relationship based sensory marketing/gastrophysics. Section 5 We summarize labor issues, government regulations and laws current and future. We discuss the development of a second phase expansion strategy. In this section we create a pocket business plan.
The Ancient Table: Archaeology of Cooking
Anthropology UN3663 (ANTH3663) – 4 credits (Fall 2024)
Camilla Sturm
Prerequisites: None Humans don’t just eat to live. The ways we prepare, eat, and share our food is a complex reflection of our histories, environments, and ideologies. Whether we prefer coffee or tea, cornbread or challah, chicken breast or chicken feet, our tastes are expressive of social ties and social boundaries, and are linked to ideas of family and of foreignness. How did eating become such a profoundly cultural experience? This seminar takes an archaeological approach to two broad issues central to eating: First, what drives human food choices both today and in the past? Second, how have social forces shaped practices of food acquisition, preparation, and consumption (and how, in turn, has food shaped society)? We will explore these questions from various evolutionary, physiological, and cultural viewpoints, highlighted by information from the best archaeological and historic case studies. Topics that will be covered include the nature of the first cooking, beer-brewing and feasting, writing of the early recipes, gender roles and ‘domestic’ life, and how a national cuisine takes shape. Through the course of the semester we will explore food practices from Pleistocene Spain to historic Monticello, with particular emphasis on the earliest cuisines of China, Mesoamerica, and the Mediterranean.
A BETTER PLANET BY DESIGN
Earth and Environmental Engineering E2100 (EAEE2100) – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Adeyemi Adeleye
Introduction to design for a sustainable planet. Scientific understanding of the challenges. Innovative technologies for water, energy, food, materials provision. Multi-scale modeling and conceptual framework for understanding environmental, resource, human, ecological and economic impacts and design performance evaluation. Focus on the linkages between planetary, regional and urban water, energy, mineral, food, climate, economic and ecological cycles. Solution strategies for developed and developing country settings.
TOXIC
Anthropology UN3811 (ANTH3811) – 4 credits (Fall 2024)
Vanessa L Agard-Jones
It is no secret by now that we live in a toxic sea. Every day, in every place in this world, we are exposed to an unknown number of contaminants, including those in the places that we live, the air that we breathe, the foods that we eat, the water that we drink, the consumer products that we use, and in the social worlds that we navigate. While we are all exposed, the effects of these exposures are distributed in radically unequal patterns, and histories of racialization, coloniality, and gendered inequality are critical determinants of the risks to wellness that these toxic entanglements entail. Scientists use the term body burden to describe the accumulated, enduring amounts of harmful substances present in human bodies. In this course, we explore the global conditions that give rise to local body burdens, plumbing the history of toxicity as a category, the politics of toxic exposures, and the experience of toxic embodiment. Foregrounding uneven exposures and disproportionate effects, we ask how scientists and humanists, poets and political activists, have understood toxicity as a material and social phenomenon. We will turn our collective attention to the analysis of ethnographies, memoirs, maps, film, and photography, and students will also be charged with creating visual and narrative projects for representing body burden of their own.
Introduction to Human Nutrition
Nursing N4104 (NURS4104) – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Lora Sporny
This undergraduate-level introductory course provides an overview of the science of nutrition and nutrition's relationship to health promotion and disease prevention. The primary focus is on the essential macronutrients and micronutrients, including their chemical structures, food sources, digestion and absorption, metabolism, storage, and excretion. Students develop the skills to evaluate dietary patterns and to estimate caloric requirements and nutrient needs using tools such as Dietary Guidelines for Americans, My Plate, Nutrition Facts Labels, and Dietary Reference Intakes.
Phys & Nutrition Through the Lifecycle
Nutrition M8200 (NUTR8200) – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Moneek Madra
General aspects of normal human growth and development from viewpoints of physical growth, cellular growth and maturation, and adjustments made at birth; the impact of altered nutrition on these processes. Prenatal and postnatal malnutrition, the role of hormones in growth; relationships between nutrition and disease in such areas as anemia, obesity, infection, and carbohydrate absorption.
Meeting the Climate Challenge at all Levels
International Affairs U6264 (INAF6264) – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Adam Zurofsky
This course examines the role of states, cities, and other sub-nationals in crafting and implementing the policy, technical, and behavioral changes necessary to address the climate crisis. While this topic has received increased attention since the election of Donald Trump in the United States, the reality is that cities, states, and other sub-nationals would still have an enormous, if not leading, role to play even with a cooperative federal government. Indeed, one could argue that subnationals represent the front lines in the fight. Substantively, our focus will be on the role of these actors in driving the necessary transition to clean energy, perhaps the key component in the overall effort to combat climate change. The energy sector is also particularly fertile ground for state and city action since states and cities oversee their power grids, establish building codes, and regulate electric and other utilities. Many of the issues and dynamics we will examine in the energy area also have direct application to other aspects of climate policy, such as food and agriculture and land use. The goal of the course is to get students to think more deeply about climate change and the complex intersection of science, economics, and politics that makes policy in this area so interesting and, at the same time, so difficult.
Food, Nutrition and Behavior
HBSV 4010 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Pamela Koch
For non-majors and majors. A study of physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors that affect eating behaviors and the development of individual and cultural food patterns. Topics include the chemical senses and why we like sweet, salt, and fat; self-regulation of what and how much we eat; effect of early experiences with food; food, mind, and behavior; interaction of food and culture through history; cooking and time use trends; meat meanings; psychosocial and cultural factors, and the impact of today’s food environment on food choices.
CLOSED TO NON-NUTRITION MAJORS
Strategies for Nutrition Education and Health Behavior Change
HBSV 5013 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Pamela Koch
Understanding and application of theoretical frameworks from the behavioral sciences and education to design and deliver food and nutrition education and physical activity promotion to various groups and to facilitate the adoption of healthful behaviors. Students have an opportunity to develop nutrition education lessons and teach them at schools, community settings, and worksites.
Nutritional Epidemiology and Assessment
HBSV 5015 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Randi Wolf
This course asks, “How Do We Measure What People Eat?” and provides an overview of different methods for determining nutritional status and dietary intake, for both individuals and populations. Topics include measuring food intake (e.g., using 24-hour diet recalls, food frequency questionnaires, food records), diet quality (e.g., using the Healthy Eating Index and Nova Classification System for ultra-processed food), physical activity, and anthropometry and body composition, as well as the importance of using valid and reliable measures for the populations of interest. New technology-based tools are highlighted throughout the course.
CLOSED TO NON-NUTRITION MAJORS.
Food Service Operations and Management
HBSV 5016 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
N Scarangello
Nutrition professionals play an important role in food systems, food service, and management in a wide variety of settings, such as hospitals, post-acute care facilities, universities, and nongovernmental organizations. In the areas of both food service and clinical nutrition, dietitians are responsible for planning, organizing, leading, staffing, and controlling. Through Food Service Operations and Management students will gain knowledge and skills required to effectively manage food, equipment, facilities, and human resources in order to provide high-quality products and services to customers. Through assignments and role-playing, students will also develop important leadership and managerial skills.
Nutrition and Human Development
HBSV 5018 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Lora Sporny
This course examines the physiologic changes and nutritional needs during pregnancy, fetal development, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Special attention is paid to promoting positive pregnancy outcomes for both mother and baby, fetal metabolic programming, breastfeeding versus formula feeding, introduction of solid foods to infants, preventing and managing food allergies, coping with picky eating, maintaining a healthy feeding relationship between caregiver and child, promoting nutritional health in children and adolescents, and preventing health and dietary problems (including eating disorders) in children and adolescents.
INTRO TO EPID FOR NUTRITIONIST
Nutrition M6120 (NUTR6120) – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Jeri W Nieves
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION
Nutrition M6220 (NUTR6220) – 3 credits (Fall 2024)
Kim Hekimian; Jeri W Nieves
REVIEWS IN NUTRITION
Nutrition G9300 (NUTR9300) - .5 credits (Fall 2024)
Dympna Gallagher
Biochemical and Physiological Basis of N
Human Nutrition GR6205 (HNUT6205) – 4 credits (Fall 2024)
Lori M Zeltser; Anthony W Ferrante
Food Systems and US Environmental Law
Law L8421 (LAW_8421) – 2 credits (Fall 2024)
Food and Drug Law: Policy and Practice
Agricultural Energy and Environmental Policy for Governmental, NGO and Corporate Decision-makers
International Affairs U6268 (INAFU6268) - 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Jeffrey Potent
Farming, ranching, and forestry provide food, fiber, and other products to feed, clothe and satisfy other human needs.
Cookbook: Food as Art
Art History BC2903 (AHIS2903) - 4 credits (Summer 2024)
Irena Haiduk
This course examines food as a medium in contemporary art. To nourish by providing healthful food experiences creates communities and a sense of belonging, care and pleasure. This course and part take in vibrant community of artist chefs in New York City and the Hudson Valley. We will start by tracing the histories of representation of food as well as collaborations between artists, chefs and food growers and proceed to visit kitchens and farms led by artists. The class will cook, bake, pickle and taste food, grow food, serve food and develop its own community of curious Epicureans. Each student will develop, design, print and bind their own cookbook/travelogue, based on their culinary heritage and experiences in class.
No prior knowledge of any medium is required.
Summer Food Institute
Data Collection (Barnard) BC0001 (BCEN0001) – 0 credits (Summer 2024)
Leslie S Raucher
Barnard’s 2-Week Sustainable Food and the City introduces students to the U.S food system, examining food production, distribution, consumption, and waste management through four key lenses: agriculture; health, policy and justice; food systems and climate change; and soil health. Each week, students will explore farms all across the city and New York state to learn hands-on from farmers growing our food. The program will invite experts and professionals from each unit to guide student's learning experience. Students will take a deep dive into each of these units to imagine a food system that produces food in an ecologically mindful way while supporting our communities and the planet.
Introduction to Human Nutrition
Nursing N4104 (NURS4104) – 3 credits (Summer 2024)
Lora Sporny
This undergraduate-level introductory course provides an overview of the science of nutrition and nutrition's relationship to health promotion and disease prevention. The primary focus is on the essential macronutrients and micronutrients, including their chemical structures, food sources, digestion and absorption, metabolism, storage, and excretion. Students develop the skills to evaluate dietary patterns and to estimate caloric requirements and nutrient needs using tools such as Dietary Guidelines for Americans, My Plate, Nutrition Facts Labels, and Dietary Reference Intakes.
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sustainability Management PS5240 (SUMA5240) – 3 credits (Summer 2024)
Bruce Kahn
Biodiversity
EEEB1001S001 – 3 credits (Summer 2024)
Palani Akana
An introduction to the enormous diversity of life on Earth. From bacteria to mammals, this course will survey species diversity, with an emphasis on ecological interactions and conservation. The course will also use basics of genetics and evolutionary biology to explore how diversity is generated and maintained. No previous knowledge of science is assumed. Fulfills a science requirement for most Columbia and GS undergraduates.
Agricultural Energy and Environmental Policy for Governmental, NGO and Corporate Decision-makers
International Affairs U6268 (INAFU6268) - 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Jeffrey Potent
Farming, ranching, and forestry provide food, fiber, and other products to feed, clothe and satisfy other human needs. However, given the scope and scale of impacts on planetary systems, agricultural objectives cannot be limited to these albeit critically important outcomes. Agriculture’s vast dependency on land, water, energy, and mineral resources and, in turn, its impacts on people and the biological systems that sustain all life demand that systems be managed to not only optimize yield and resulting profitability but also manage to optimize ecosystem, natural resource, nutritional and broader societal outcomes. Fortunately, research, demonstration, and commercialization of environmentally sound and energy efficient agricultural practices present a cost effective alternative to business as usual. The challenge is to facilitate the expanded utilization of such proven practices and the continued research and innovation to demonstrate, disseminate and deploy at scale additional practices so that agriculture can have a net positive impact on people and the planet well into the future. This course will explore an array of critical environmental and energy issues and case examples from public and corporate policy perspectives to provide grounding for decision-makers working in these and civil society positions.
Universal Food Security
Public Affairs U6411 (PUAFU6411) - 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Glenn Denning
This course addresses the challenges and opportunities for achieving a productive, profitable, inclusive, healthy, sustainable, resilient, and ethical global food system. Our first class will provide a brief historical perspective of the global food system, highlighting relevant developments over the past 10,000 years and will explain key concepts, critical challenges, and opportunities ahead. For the ensuing few weeks, we will cover the core biophysical requirements for food production: soil and land, water and climate, and genetic resources. We include an introduction to human nutrition – Nutrition Week – that focuses on dietary change and food-based solutions to malnutrition. Building on this, the course will survey a selection of important food systems and trends across Asia, Africa, and Latin America that provide food security and livelihoods for more than half of the world’s population. Case studies and classroom debates throughout the course will explore the roles of science, technology, policies, politics, institutions, business, finance, aid, trade, and human behavior in advancing sustainable agriculture, and achieving food and nutritional security. We will probe the interactions of food systems with global issues including poverty and inequality, the persistence of chronic hunger and malnutrition, climate change, environmental degradation, international food business and value chains, biotechnology (GMOs), post-harvest losses, and food waste. With a sharp eye for credible evidence, we will confront controversies, reflect on historical trends, identify common myths, and surface little-known but important truths about agriculture and food systems. In our final sessions, we address the ultimate question: can we feed and nourish the world without wrecking it for future generations?
Smart Agriculture for a Changing Climate
Sustainability Management PS5245 (SUMAK5245) - 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Agriculture is highly dependent on stable climate conditions to produce the world’s food with sufficient nutritional quality at an affordable cost. Climate change is threatening the breadbaskets of the world with shifting rainfall, pests, and weather patterns. Farmers face enormous challenges in adapting to this volatility that is affecting their livelihoods and communities locally, and threatens the global food systems stability. Adaptation to these changes has become a high priority for policy makers, corporations, and investors around the world. Climate smart agriculture presents solutions to the existential threat to the global food supply by utilizing a range of tech enabled methods for producing more food with less resources. The challenge is daunting because there is no “one size fits all” solution. Instead, localized solutions that meet the social, environmental, and economic realities of farmers need to be developed, accelerated, and implemented.
U.S. & INT'L NUTRITION
Nutrition M8220 (NUTRM8220) - 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Jeri W Nieves
Nutrition has rapidly become a focus for US and International Health Policy as well as scores of non-governmental Public Health Programs. This course introduces students to the landscape of Nutrition policy and initiatives worldwide, as well as the deeply entwined relationship between Nutrition and international trade and agriculture. Through a variety of guest lectures, students will encounter diverse and cutting-edge perspectives on international nutrition policy and practice. Students will offer their own presentations and complete four papers but will not be given exams. Students may take this course for 2 or 3 credits.
Introduction to Nutrition
HBSV 4000 001 – 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Lora Sporny
(Course is offered to non-majors and to those desiring admission to the Program in Nutrition.) The course provides an overview of the science of nutrition and its relationship to health promotion and disease prevention. The primary focus is on the essential macronutrients and micronutrients, including their chemical structures, food sources, digestion and absorption, metabolism, storage, and excretion. Students analyze the nutritional quality of their own food intake and develop the knowledge and skills to estimate their daily caloric requirements and nutrient needs using tools such as Dietary Reference Intakes, My Plate, and Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This online course can be completed synchronously or asynchronously.
This is an online course that can be completed synchronously or asynchronously. Registrants will receive all necessary course site access information thru their TC email accounts. For more information please contact the instructor.
Nutritional Ecology
HBSV 4013 001 – 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Pamela Koch
A course for non-majors and majors. This course tries to answer the question, “Is our current food system ecologically sustainable?” Nutrition and food are viewed from a global, ecological perspective. Topics include limits to growth, food and population problems, food product development and promotion, energy and food relationships, food safety, organic agriculture, biotechnology, and other topics.
Closed to Non-nutrition students. Students from outside of the Program in Nutrition who are interested in taking Nutritional Ecology, please email Pam Koch, [email protected].
Community Nutrition
HBSV 4014 001 – 3 credits (Spring 2024)
J Cadenhead
This course examines and evaluates food assistance and safety net programs in the United States and explores the policies, history, and context that lead to unequal access to healthy food. The course includes broad thought-provoking readings as well as working "on the ground": assessing supermarkets and opportunities for safe walking and biking; volunteering at a food pantry; and visiting an urban agriculture site. This course also explores international food assistance programs. Students outside the Program in Nutrition are welcome, with permission from the instructor.
Restricted to Nutrition majors. Prerequisite: HBSV 4013.
Analysis of Current Literature and Research in Nutrition
HBSV 5014 001 – 3 credits (Spring 2024)
Randi Wolf
Critical examination and evaluation of current controversies and issues in nutrition and food. Topics are reviewed and discussed in depth. Students obtain training in the art of understanding commonly seen study designs, statistical methods, and graphics in the scientific literature to determine whether there is evidence to support (or lack thereof) for making statements about nutrition. Students also learn how to synthesize this information for use by the public. The course highlights areas to consider when analyzing research related to popular diets and dietary patterns, supplements, weight loss drugs, nutritional genomics, and microbiome research.
Restricted to Nutrition majors.
Global Foods Practicum
HBSV 5350 001 – 1 credit (Spring 2024)
Jennifer Hildner
In Global Foods Practicum students will examine the values, practices, and beliefs of different cultures, as well as their own, with regard to food. They will also explore the ways in which dietitians can better understand the cultures and food preferences/habits of their patients. Through experiences inside and outside of class, students will gain skills to effectively work with patients from different backgrounds.
Closed to non-Nutrition students. Students from outside the Program in Nutrition who are interested in taking Global Foods Practicum, please email Jennifer Hildner, [email protected].
Community Nutrition Education Practicum
HBSV 5351 001 – 1 credit (Spring 2024)
Jennifer Hildner
In Community Nutrition Education Practicum, students examine programs aimed at addressing food insecurity and creating a more healthful, just, sustainable food system, both nationally and internationally and in clinical and community settings. Students will discuss inequities with regard to access to healthy foods and evaluate resources created to help reduce such disparities. Students will explore how to strengthen communities and bring about change on local, national, and international levels through their coursework and experiences within different communities.
Restricted to nutrition majors.
S. Food Systems and US Environmental Law
Law L8421 (LAW) - 2 credits (Fall 2023)
Peter Lehner
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION
Nutrition M6220 (NUTRM6220) - 3 credits (Fall 2023)
Kim Hekimian, Jeri W Nieves
The Food Justice Movement: What Does it Mean for Public Health?
Mark Bittman
This course will explore the complex and evolving relationship between food, public health and social justice. It will provide a context to understand the historical, behavioral, cultural and environmental impacts on access to food, and its integration with population health and the health system. Students will make connections between the food system, public health, and the development and implementation of health policy. Students will translate course material into a practical exercise by designing and implementing a community food and public health project. Food intersects with public health on many more issues than most people imagine.
Nutrition and Human Development
HBSV 5018 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2023)
Lora Sporny
This course examines the physiologic changes and nutritional needs during pregnancy, fetal development, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Special attention is paid to promoting positive pregnancy outcomes for both mother and baby, fetal metabolic programming, breastfeeding versus formula feeding, introduction of solid foods to infants, preventing and managing food allergies, coping with picky eating, maintaining a healthy feeding relationship between caregiver and child, promoting nutritional health in children and adolescents, and preventing health and dietary problems (including eating disorders) in children and adolescents.
Food Service Operations and Management
HBSV 5016 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2023)
N Scarangello
Nutrition professionals play an important role in food systems, food service, and management in a wide variety of settings, such as hospitals, post-acute care facilities, universities, and nongovernmental organizations. In the areas of both food service and clinical nutrition, dietitians are responsible for planning, organizing, leading, staffing, and controlling. Through Food Service Operations and Management students will gain knowledge and skills required to effectively manage food, equipment, facilities, and human resources in order to provide high-quality products and services to customers. Through assignments and role-playing, students will also develop important leadership and managerial skills.
Nutritional Epidemiology and Assessment
HBSV 5015 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2023)
Randi Wolf
This course asks, “How Do We Measure What People Eat?” and provides an overview of different methods for determining nutritional status and dietary intake, for both individuals and populations. Topics include measuring food intake (e.g., using 24-hour diet recalls, food frequency questionnaires, food records), diet quality (e.g., using the Healthy Eating Index and Nova Classification System for ultra-processed food), physical activity, and anthropometry and body composition, as well as the importance of using valid and reliable measures for the populations of interest. New technology-based tools are highlighted throughout the course.
CLOSED TO NON-NUTRITION MAJORS.
Food, Nutrition and Behavior
HBSV 4010 001 – 3 credits (Fall 2023)
Pamela Koch
For non-majors and majors. A study of physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors that affect eating behaviors and the development of individual and cultural food patterns. Topics include the chemical senses and why we like sweet, salt, and fat; self-regulation of what and how much we eat; effect of early experiences with food; food, mind, and behavior; interaction of food and culture through history; cooking and time use trends; meat meanings; psychosocial and cultural factors, and the impact of today’s food environment on food choices.
CLOSED TO NON-NUTRITION MAJORS
Food Security, Plant Biology, Climate Change, and Public Health
Environmental Health Sciences P8303 (EHSCP8303) - 3 credits (Spring 2023)
Lewis Ziska
As human populations continue to expand, concurrent increases in energy and food will be required. Consequently, fossil fuel burning and deforestation will continue to be human-derived sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The current annual rate of CO2 increase (~0.5%) is expected to continue with global atmospheric concentrations exceeding 600 parts per million (ppm) by the end of the current century. The increase in carbon dioxide, in turn, has ramifications for both climate change but also for plant biology. In this course, our focus will be on how CO2 and climate change alter plant biology and the subsequent consequences for human health. Overall, the course will have three main components. We begin with an overview of interactions between the plant kingdom and human health, from food supply and nutrition to toxicology, contact dermatitis, aero-biology, inter alia. In the second section, we segue to an overview of rising CO2 and climate change, and how those impacts in turn, will influence all of the interactions related to plant biology and health with a merited focus on food security. Finally, for the remainder of the course, our emphasis will be on evaluating preventative strategies related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change impacts specific to potential transformations of plant biology’s traditional role in human society. The course is appropriate for students who are interested in global climate change and who wish to expand their general knowledge as to likely outcomes related to plant biology, from food security to nutrition, from pollen allergens to ethnopharmacology.
FOOD SYSTEMS AND THE HEALTH OF THE PUBLIC
Public Health P6083 (PUBHP6083) - 3 credits (Spring 2023)
Anne Paxton
The course will provide an overview of the science, policy, politics, and economics of food systems as a critical element of public health. The course will have a primary focus on the food system in the United States, but will include a global perspective. Students will learn and apply the fundamentals of public health scientific research methods and theoretical approaches to assessing the food landscape though a public health lens. In addition, the course will cover how diet – at first glance a matter of individual choice – is determined by an interconnected system of socio-economic-environmental influences, and is influenced by a multitude of stakeholders engaged in policy making processes.
